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Virginia Real Estate Broker — Requirements & Free Practice

US-VA · License preparation

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Licenses, application pathways and examination requirements

Each license and applicant pathway has its own requirements and exemptions. Choosing practice questions does not determine your eligibility.

Branch Office License

Additional place of business of the principal broker, subject to the statutory and regulatory exceptions.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Initial branch office licensure
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Application
Provide branch address, required roster/affiliation information and branch fee.
Location
Additional place of business outside the primary office and not within statutory/rule exceptions.
Responsible Brokers
Identify the firm/sole proprietor, principal broker and active supervising broker, with their license numbers and signatures.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New branch office license after more than one year expired
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
After one year submit a new branch-office application.
Qualifications
Meet current branch requirements with qualifying firm, principal broker and supervising broker licenses.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement of a branch office license within one year
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
Expired no more than one year; pay the branch reinstatement fee.
Qualifications
Maintain the licensed firm/sole proprietor, active supervising broker and current branch information.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of a branch office license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Renewal
Pay applicable branch renewal fee; maintain the firm and active supervising broker.
Roster
Provide each affiliated real estate licensee’s name and license number at renewal under 54.1-2110.1 D.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Broker License as a Business Entity

Separate affiliated business-entity broker license; each participating owner or officer retains the required individual license.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Initial business entity broker licensure
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Affiliation
Identify the licensed firm/sole proprietor and responsible broker; provide member license information and signatures, fee and completed entity application.
Organization
Organized under Virginia law or authorized to transact business; register required names with the SCC.
Participant Licenses
Every owner or officer actively participating must hold an individual salesperson or broker license; the entity license does not replace it (18VAC135-20-45).

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New business entity license after more than one year expired
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
Previous business entity license expired more than one year; submit a new entity application.
Qualifications
Maintain individual licenses of active participants, authorized SCC organization and licensed-firm affiliation under 18VAC135-20-45.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Restoration of an entity broker license suspended for delinquent recovery fund assessment
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Eligibility
Entity licensed as broker within the statutory definition of regulant.
Restoration
The Director must actually receive the delinquent assessment under 54.1-2113 G.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement of an expired business entity broker license within one year
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
Expired no more than one year; pay reinstatement and applicable affiliation fees.
Participants
Maintain participating individual licenses, SCC status and responsible firm/broker; submit the entity reinstatement application.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of a business entity broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Existing License
Maintain the qualifying individually licensed participants and authorized business organization.
Renewal
Submit the applicable renewal fee; the entity’s individual licensees satisfy their own education requirements.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Transfer of a business entity broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Existing License
Existing unexpired entity broker license with individually licensed participants.
Transfer
Submit the prescribed transfer application and fee and the new responsible broker’s approval under 18VAC135-20-70 B.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Concurrent Broker License

Additional broker license for activity in another firm while holding an active broker license.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Concurrent broker licensure
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Approvals
Submit the concurrent application and each required principal-broker approval/acknowledgment, current firm details and applicable fee.
Disclosures
Submit the disciplinary, conviction and fair-housing disclosures requested on the July 2026 concurrent application.
Existing License
Hold a current active broker license.
Purpose
Activity as broker in more than one firm at once.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New concurrent application after more than one year expired
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Existing License
Submit a new concurrent application, with a qualifying active broker license, principal-broker approvals and fee.
Expiration
After one year the expired concurrent license cannot be reinstated.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement of a concurrent broker license within one year
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Existing License
Maintain a qualifying current active broker license and concurrent affiliation approvals.
Expiration Window
Within one year of expiration; applicable reinstatement fee and education/status requirements apply.
Status
The Board’s discipline of the underlying broker license also affects concurrent licenses under 18VAC135-20-345.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of a concurrent broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continuing Education
Complete 24 hours per licensing term: eight supervision/management, two fair housing, three ethics, two agency, two contracts, two legal updates/emerging trends including flood areas/NFIP, and five electives (18VAC135-20-101).
Course Assessments
Approved distance-learning completion checks are conditions; classroom continuing education does not require testing under 54.1-2105.03 A(4).
Education Exceptions
Military active-duty/deployment applicants may complete courses within six months of release; qualifying nonresidential-practice affidavits replace fair-housing content; certified illness/undue hardship waivers and carryover apply under 54.1-2105.03 and 18VAC135-20-101.
Expiration
Concurrent license expires with the original broker license; preserve the underlying broker qualification and required firm approvals.
Fee
Pay the applicable renewal or reinstatement fee; the Board may deny for grounds in 18VAC135-20-150.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Real Estate Firm License

Separate brokerage firm license; a broker-owned sole proprietorship operates under the owner’s broker license.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Initial brokerage firm licensure
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Organization
Eligible business organization, including a non-broker-owned sole proprietorship; Virginia organization or authorization and required SCC name registrations.
Participants
Active participants specified by 54.1-2106.1 A must hold broker licenses; other persons acting as salespersons hold salesperson or broker licenses.
Principal Broker
Designate an active principal broker; submit the complete firm application, required organization documents, place of business and fee.
Sole Proprietor Exception
A broker-owned sole proprietorship uses the broker’s individual license; a separate firm license is not required under 54.1-2106.1 and 18VAC135-20-20 A.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New brokerage firm application after more than one year expired
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
After one year the expired license cannot be reinstated; file a new firm application.
Qualifications
Meet the current firm licensing requirements, including licensed participants and active principal broker; those are existing-license conditions.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement of a brokerage firm license within one year
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
Within one year of expiration; submit applicable reinstatement fee and satisfy firm requirements.
Practice
The firm cannot perform licensed activities while its license is expired.
Principal Broker
Maintain the active principal broker, authorized organization and appropriate participant licenses.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of a brokerage firm license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Audit
Principal or supervising broker certifies the operations/policies/procedures audit, performed at least once each licensing term; retain signed audit form at the premises.
Renewal
Pay the firm renewal fee and maintain qualifying organization and active principal broker.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Real Estate Broker License

Real estate broker license recognized as a qualifying credential for prelicense education instructors when active.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Licensure by education, experience and examination
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Course Assessment
Pass the required courses before sitting the licensing examination; course approval requires proof of a monitored final written assessment. These course assessments are education conditions.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Education Experience Waiver
The Board may waive education or experience requirements on the statutory equivalency basis under 54.1-2105 C and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Active real estate salesperson experience averaging at least 40 hours per week for 36 of the 48 months immediately preceding application, verified by the principal or supervising broker.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Prelicense Education
Complete 180 class/clock hours (12 semester hours) of approved or equivalent broker education; brokerage includes at least 45 class hours, with real estate finance, appraisal and law or permitted related subjects under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-410.
Score Window
Pass the licensing examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 D). The July 2026 application says the completed application and fees must be received within one year of the initial examination date or reexamination is required.
International qualification equivalency under section 54.1 205.1
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Exam Requirement
54.1-205.1 B requires the same examinations as other initial applicants.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Foreign Exam
A foreign licensing examination, if included in the credential evidence, remains an applicant condition; it is not a Virginia or United States examination leaf.
Immigration
Document United States citizenship, permanent residency, or a valid work visa together with a petition for permanent residency.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Qualification
Provide satisfactory documentation of equivalent education, training and foreign licensure pursuant to the Board’s regulations and standards under 54.1-205.1; the Board may award partial or full training/education credit or use credential-verification services.
Expedited reciprocity for military spouses
Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education
Broker education substantially equivalent to Virginia’s 180-hour requirement; submit original or certified transcripts or other accepted documentation.
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Equivalency Waiver
The Board may waive education and experience under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Expedited Package
Attach the expedited application, military dependent identification and qualifying orders or veteran paperwork to the complete license application.
Experience
Actively engaged for 36 of the preceding 48 months, verified by an individual with direct knowledge of the activities.
Experience Waiver
The Board may waive experience requirements when supporting documentation warrants it.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Other License
Hold a current broker license from another jurisdiction, obtained by a written examination substantially equivalent to Virginia’s (18VAC135-20-35 E). That jurisdiction’s own examination is an applicant condition.
Score Window
Pass the Virginia state-law examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 E(1)).
Spouse Eligibility
Hold the same or similar out-of-jurisdiction license; accompany a spouse on federal active-duty orders or a veteran who left active service within one year to Virginia or an adjoining jurisdiction; the Board determines substantial equivalency.
Reactivation of an inactive broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Affiliation
Complete the Board’s activation form with a licensed firm/sole proprietorship; no activity until the Board issues the active license.
Continuing Education
Complete required continuing education within two years before activation if inactive more than 30 days.
Prolonged Inactivity
If inactive more than three years, meet current prelicense education; the Board may waive under 54.1-2105.04 B for retained professional knowledge or qualifying military circumstances.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New examination application after more than one year expired
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Course Assessment
Pass the required courses before sitting the licensing examination; course approval requires proof of a monitored final written assessment. These course assessments are education conditions.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Education Experience Waiver
The Board may waive education or experience requirements on the statutory equivalency basis under 54.1-2105 C and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Active real estate salesperson experience averaging at least 40 hours per week for 36 of the 48 months immediately preceding application, verified by the principal or supervising broker.
Expiration
After one year the former license cannot be reinstated; meet all current education/examination requirements and apply as a new applicant. This route uses initial examination licensure.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Prelicense Education
Complete 180 class/clock hours (12 semester hours) of approved or equivalent broker education; brokerage includes at least 45 class hours, with real estate finance, appraisal and law or permitted related subjects under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-410.
Score Window
Pass the licensing examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 D). The July 2026 application says the completed application and fees must be received within one year of the initial examination date or reexamination is required.
New reciprocity application after more than one year expired
Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education
Broker education substantially equivalent to Virginia’s 180-hour requirement; submit original or certified transcripts or other accepted documentation.
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Equivalency Waiver
The Board may waive education and experience under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Actively engaged for 36 of the preceding 48 months, verified by an individual with direct knowledge of the activities.
Expiration
After one year apply as a new applicant; this pathway requires the separate current out-of-jurisdiction broker license and reciprocity qualifications.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Other License
Hold a current broker license from another jurisdiction, obtained by a written examination substantially equivalent to Virginia’s (18VAC135-20-35 E). That jurisdiction’s own examination is an applicant condition.
Score Window
Pass the Virginia state-law examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 E(1)).
Licensure by reciprocity
Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education
Broker education substantially equivalent to Virginia’s 180-hour requirement; submit original or certified transcripts or other accepted documentation.
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Equivalency Waiver
The Board may waive education and experience under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Actively engaged for 36 of the preceding 48 months, verified by an individual with direct knowledge of the activities.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Other License
Hold a current broker license from another jurisdiction, obtained by a written examination substantially equivalent to Virginia’s (18VAC135-20-35 E). That jurisdiction’s own examination is an applicant condition.
Score Window
Pass the Virginia state-law examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 E(1)).
Restoration following suspension for delinquent recovery fund assessment
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Restoration
54.1-2113 G restores the license only upon actual receipt by the Director of the delinquent assessment.
Suspension
License automatically suspended after the statutory notices and nonpayment period.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement within one year to active status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Activation
Complete education necessary both to reinstate and activate; retain the license number and expiration measured from the previous expiration date.
Continuing Education
Complete 24 hours per licensing term: eight supervision/management, two fair housing, three ethics, two agency, two contracts, two legal updates/emerging trends including flood areas/NFIP, and five electives (18VAC135-20-101).
Course Assessments
Approved distance-learning completion checks are conditions; classroom continuing education does not require testing under 54.1-2105.03 A(4).
Education Exceptions
Military active-duty/deployment applicants may complete courses within six months of release; qualifying nonresidential-practice affidavits replace fair-housing content; certified illness/undue hardship waivers and carryover apply under 54.1-2105.03 and 18VAC135-20-101.
Expiration Window
If renewal is incomplete after 30 days, pay the reinstatement fee; reinstatement is available up to one year after expiration.
Fee
Pay the applicable renewal or reinstatement fee; the Board may deny for grounds in 18VAC135-20-150.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Reinstatement within one year to inactive status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continuing Education
18VAC135-20-140 A exempts reinstatement of an inactive license from continuing education.
Expiration Window
Reinstatement is available within one year after expiration with the applicable fee.
Status
No real estate activities may be conducted with an expired or inactive license.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

New broker licensure after recovery fund revocation
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Course Assessment
Pass the required courses before sitting the licensing examination; course approval requires proof of a monitored final written assessment. These course assessments are education conditions.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Education Experience Waiver
The Board may waive education or experience requirements on the statutory equivalency basis under 54.1-2105 C and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Active real estate salesperson experience averaging at least 40 hours per week for 36 of the 48 months immediately preceding application, verified by the principal or supervising broker.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Prelicense Education
Complete 180 class/clock hours (12 semester hours) of approved or equivalent broker education; brokerage includes at least 45 class hours, with real estate finance, appraisal and law or permitted related subjects under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-410.
Repayment
Eligibility to apply after recovery-fund revocation requires full repayment of the fund payment plus judgment-rate interest from the payment date (54.1-2119); this is a new examination application.
Score Window
Pass the licensing examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 D). The July 2026 application says the completed application and fees must be received within one year of the initial examination date or reexamination is required.
Renewal of an active broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continuing Education
Complete 24 hours per licensing term: eight supervision/management, two fair housing, three ethics, two agency, two contracts, two legal updates/emerging trends including flood areas/NFIP, and five electives (18VAC135-20-101).
Course Assessments
Approved distance-learning completion checks are conditions; classroom continuing education does not require testing under 54.1-2105.03 A(4).
Education Exceptions
Military active-duty/deployment applicants may complete courses within six months of release; qualifying nonresidential-practice affidavits replace fair-housing content; certified illness/undue hardship waivers and carryover apply under 54.1-2105.03 and 18VAC135-20-101.
Fee
Pay the applicable renewal or reinstatement fee; the Board may deny for grounds in 18VAC135-20-150.
Status
Active broker license; ordinary term expires two years from the last day of the issuance month.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of an inactive broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continuing Education
Inactive brokers are not required to complete continuing education as a condition of renewal (18VAC135-20-101 A(4)).
Fee
Pay the applicable renewal or reinstatement fee; the Board may deny for grounds in 18VAC135-20-150.
Status
Inactive license remains subject to renewal; no practice is authorized.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Return to broker licensure after exchanging broker for salesperson
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Course Assessment
Pass the required courses before sitting the licensing examination; course approval requires proof of a monitored final written assessment. These course assessments are education conditions.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Education Experience Waiver
The Board may waive education or experience requirements on the statutory equivalency basis under 54.1-2105 C and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Experience
Active real estate salesperson experience averaging at least 40 hours per week for 36 of the 48 months immediately preceding application, verified by the principal or supervising broker.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Prelicense Education
Complete 180 class/clock hours (12 semester hours) of approved or equivalent broker education; brokerage includes at least 45 class hours, with real estate finance, appraisal and law or permitted related subjects under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-410.
Prior Exchange
Exchanging a broker license for salesperson ends all current broker licenses; return requires passing the current broker examination and meeting current education and experience requirements (18VAC135-20-55).
Score Window
Pass the licensing examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 D). The July 2026 application says the completed application and fees must be received within one year of the initial examination date or reexamination is required.
Virginia salesperson upgrading to broker
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Broker Roles
Associate, principal and broker-owned sole-proprietor selections use the same individual broker examination requirements; sole-proprietor names and place of business must meet 54.1-2110 and applicable registration rules.
Course Assessment
Pass the required courses before sitting the licensing examination; course approval requires proof of a monitored final written assessment. These course assessments are education conditions.
Criminal Disclosure
Disclose all felonies and specified misdemeanors within five years; fingerprinting and review under section 54.1-204 apply (18VAC135-20-30(4),(6)).
Discipline Disclosure
Report licensing-board actions; the Board may deny licensure and may review applicants under the Administrative Process Act (18VAC135-20-30(3),(6)).
Education Credential
High school diploma or equivalent (18VAC135-20-30(2)).
Education Experience Waiver
The Board may waive education or experience requirements on the statutory equivalency basis under 54.1-2105 C and 18VAC135-20-35 F.
Existing License
Hold an active or inactive Virginia salesperson license; use the upgrade selection on the Broker License Application.
Experience
Active real estate salesperson experience averaging at least 40 hours per week for 36 of the 48 months immediately preceding application, verified by the principal or supervising broker.
Fee And Documentation
Submit a complete signed application, applicable fee, required supporting documents and certifications from each jurisdiction where licensed, dated within 60 days (July 2026 Broker License Application).
Fingerprint Timing
The July 2026 Broker License Application requires receipt of the completed application within 90 calendar days of Board receipt of fingerprint results; existing Virginia salespersons upgrading are marked not applicable.
Fingerprinting Exception
The application states: "I am upgrading my Virginia licenses and DO NOT need to submit a set of fingerprints."
Law Acknowledgment
Sign a statement that the applicant has read and understands 18VAC135-20 and Title 54.1 Chapter 21 (18VAC135-20-30(5)).
Minimum Age
At least 18 years of age (18VAC135-20-30(1)).
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Older Board Guide
The pinned How to Apply guide instead states: "A complete application must be on file with the Board within 45 days"; this older instruction conflicts with the July 2026 application’s 90-day instruction.
Prelicense Education
Complete 180 class/clock hours (12 semester hours) of approved or equivalent broker education; brokerage includes at least 45 class hours, with real estate finance, appraisal and law or permitted related subjects under 54.1-2105 and 18VAC135-20-410.
Score Window
Pass the licensing examination within 12 months before submitting a complete application (18VAC135-20-35 D). The July 2026 application says the completed application and fees must be received within one year of the initial examination date or reexamination is required.
Transfer of an existing broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Approval
Submit the transfer application and fee with signature of the new principal broker or authorized supervising broker.
Effect
Transfer is effective upon the new responsible broker’s execution; intra-firm branch transfers have no transfer fee.
Existing License
Hold the broker license being transferred.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Universal license recognition: neighboring jurisdiction broker license
Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Board Rule Discipline
18VAC135-20-65 also states the applicant must not have professional discipline involving public harm or license probation, suspension or revocation; submit the disclosures requested by the ULR application.
Discipline
No imposed discipline except financial penalties involving no harm to public health or economic well-being, under 54.1-205.
Fee
Pay the applicable application/reciprocity fee and supply certifications of licensure/good standing from each jurisdiction, dated within 60 days.
Fingerprinting
Submit fingerprints and meet the criminal-record conditions; the July 2026 ULR application states the 90-calendar-day fingerprint-result window and exempts Virginia-license upgrades.
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Other License
Hold a current valid broker license with similar scope of practice in a neighboring jurisdiction as defined by 54.1-205 A; no minimum holding period applies to this branch.
Recognition Exception
54.1-205 D recognizes the existing license without examination; subsection E separately permits the Virginia jurisprudential examination required by the Board.
Standing
No pending investigations or unresolved complaints; good standing with the licensing authority.
State Exam
The Board exercises 54.1-205 E’s permission to require its state-law examination; 18VAC135-20-65 and the ULR application require the Virginia examination.
Universal license recognition: other United States broker license
Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Board Rule Discipline
18VAC135-20-65 also states the applicant must not have professional discipline involving public harm or license probation, suspension or revocation; submit the disclosures requested by the ULR application.
Board Rule Holding Period
18VAC135-20-65 B(1) still states: "for at least three years". The 2026 statute’s one-year requirement controls; the July 2026 ULR form also asks: "Have you held this license for at least one year?"
Discipline
No imposed discipline except financial penalties involving no harm to public health or economic well-being, under 54.1-205.
Fee
Pay the applicable application/reciprocity fee and supply certifications of licensure/good standing from each jurisdiction, dated within 60 days.
Fingerprinting
Submit fingerprints and meet the criminal-record conditions; the July 2026 ULR application states the 90-calendar-day fingerprint-result window and exempts Virginia-license upgrades.
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Other License
Hold a current valid broker license with similar scope for at least one year under 54.1-205 B(2), as reenacted by 2026 Chapter 448; the other licensing authority required an examination and education, training or experience.
Prior Exam
Passing the original jurisdiction’s examination is a condition, not a leaf referencing an examination of another jurisdiction.
Standing
No pending investigations or unresolved complaints; good standing with the licensing authority.
State Exam
The Board exercises 54.1-205 E’s permission to require its state-law examination; 18VAC135-20-65 and the ULR application require the Virginia examination.
Universal license recognition: experience where the profession is unlicensed
Affiliation
Active licensure requires affiliation with a licensed firm or broker-owned sole proprietorship. Principal broker applicants for an existing firm submit the officer-change form; a new non-broker-owned firm requires its own firm application. Inactive issuance is available if no active affiliation is requested.
Board Rule Discipline
18VAC135-20-65 also states the applicant must not have professional discipline involving public harm or license probation, suspension or revocation; submit the disclosures requested by the ULR application.
Discipline
No imposed discipline except financial penalties involving no harm to public health or economic well-being, under 54.1-205.
Examinations
18VAC135-20-65 C(2) requires all examinations required of initial applicants under 18VAC135-20-35.
Experience
Demonstrate at least three years of broker experience in a jurisdiction that does not issue the relevant professional license; 18VAC135-20-65 C treats experience, education and training requirements as met.
Fee
Pay the applicable application/reciprocity fee and supply certifications of licensure/good standing from each jurisdiction, dated within 60 days.
Fingerprinting
Submit fingerprints and meet the criminal-record conditions; the July 2026 ULR application states the 90-calendar-day fingerprint-result window and exempts Virginia-license upgrades.
Implementation Form
The July 2026 ULR form question 10 A says applicants without a current non-Virginia broker license do not qualify and may use the regular Broker License Application; this form instruction does not remove the statute and rule’s experience pathway.
Nonresident Service
A nonresident files irrevocable consent to service through the DPOR Director under 54.1-2111; the application provides that power of attorney.
Standing
No pending investigations or unresolved complaints; good standing with the licensing authority.
State Exam
The Board exercises 54.1-205 E’s permission to require its state-law examination; 18VAC135-20-65 and the ULR application require the Virginia examination.

settlement agent registration

Broker-specific settlement-agent registration, distinct from the underlying broker license.

Licensing authority: real estate board · Application information

Registration as a settlement agent by an already licensed broker
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Application
Submit broker-specific settlement registration, applicable fee, insurance/bond copies and discipline/conviction disclosures.
Audit
Independent CPA escrow audit at least every consecutive 12 months; provide the report to the licensing authority within 60 days under 55.1-1004 C.
Broker License
Already licensed as a Virginia real estate broker under 54.1-2100 et seq.
Criminal Eligibility
No felony conviction unless civil rights restored or a writ of actual innocence granted under 55.1-1003 A.
Financial Responsibility
Maintain at least $250,000 errors/omissions or malpractice coverage, $100,000 fidelity/employee dishonesty coverage (statutory waiver available if only owners/partners/shareholders/members are employees), and $200,000 surety bond.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Renewal of broker settlement agent registration
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Ongoing Qualifications
Maintain underlying broker licensure, required financial responsibility and escrow audits; comply with the settlement-agent guidelines furnished on registration and renewal.
Renewal
Renew at least biennially with the appropriate licensing authority and applicable fee under 55.1-1014 A.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Temporary License (Up to 45 Days)

Discretionary temporary license for an applicant holding a valid comparable license from another state and in good standing, with a completed Virginia application submitted simultaneously; valid for up to 45 days from issuance and not renewable.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board

Discretionary temporary interstate broker license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Duration
Board discretion; maximum 45 days from issuance; no renewal.
Other License
Hold a valid comparable license from another jurisdiction and be in good standing.
Simultaneous Application
Simultaneously submit a complete Virginia license application; its permanent-license examination requirements remain those of the chosen permanent route.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Temporary License for a Military Spouse

Temporary license pending qualification review or completion of Virginia-specific requirements, maximum 12 months.

Licensing authority: Virginia Real Estate Board · Application information

Temporary license while military spouse qualifications are reviewed
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Duration
Maximum 12 months; Board page describes the license as nonrenewable.
Eligibility
Meet 54.1-119 A military/veteran-spouse, accompanying-location, existing comparable license and disciplinary eligibility conditions.
Purpose
Practice while review is completed or the applicant completes Virginia-specific requirements absent in the prior jurisdiction; unidentified remaining requirements are conditions.
Trigger
Board unable to complete documentation review or equivalency determination within 20 days of a complete application.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

National Broker Exam — National Portion (Real Estate Principles and Practices)

Provider
PSI Services LLC
Format
National portion of state real estate broker licensing examinations with its own minimum passing score; scenario-based questions with more than four options and one best answer, each option weighted zero, one or two points; candidates who fail one portion retake only that portion
Examination outline
  • I. Property Ownership (Broker 10%) (10%)
    • A. Real and personal property; conveyances
    • B. Land characteristics and legal descriptions: 1. Metes and bounds method of legal property description; 2. Lot and block (recorded plat) method of legal property description; 3. Government survey (rectangular survey) method of legal property description; 4. Measuring structures (linear and square footage); 5. Land measurement
    • C. Encumbrances and effects on property ownership: 1. Types of liens and their effect on the title and value of real property; 2. Easements, rights of way and licenses, including their effect on the title, value and use of real property; 3. Encroachments and their effect on the title, value and use of real property; 4. Potential encumbrances on title, such as probate, leases, or adverse possession; 5. Property rights that may be conveyed separately from use of the land surface, such as mineral and other subsurface rights, air rights, or water rights
    • D. Types of ownership: 1. Ownership in severalty/sole ownership; 2. Implications of ownership as tenants in common; 3. Implications of ownership in joint tenancy; 4. Forms of common-interest ownership, such as Timeshares, Condominiums and Co-ops; 5. Property ownership held in a trust or by an estate; 6. Ownership by business entities; 7. Life Estate ownership
  • II. Land use Controls (Broker 5%) (5%)
    • A. Government rights in land: 1. Government rights to impose property taxes and special assessments; 2. Government rights to acquire land through eminent domain, condemnation and escheat
    • B. Government controls on land use
    • C. Private controls: 1. Deed conditions or restrictions on property use; 2. Subdivision covenants, conditions and restrictions (CC&Rs) on property use; 3. Condominium and owners’ associations regulations or bylaws on property use
  • III. Valuation (Broker 8%) (8%)
    • A. Appraisals: 1. Appraisals for valuation of real property; 2. Situations which require appraisal by a licensed or certified appraiser and brokerage-related actions that constitute unauthorized appraisal practice; 3. General steps in appraisal process
    • B. Estimating Value: 1. Economic principles and property characteristics that affect value of real property; 2. Sales or market comparison approach to property valuation and appropriate uses; 3. Cost approach to property valuation and appropriate uses; 4. Income analysis approach to property valuation and appropriate uses
    • C. Comparative Market Analysis (CMA): 1. Competitive/Comparative Market Analysis (CMA), BPO or equivalent; 2. Automated Valuation Method (AVM), appraisal valuation and Comparative Market Analysis (CMA)
  • IV. Financing (Broker 9%) (9%)
    • A. Basic Concepts and Terminology: 1. Loan financing (for example, points, LTV, PMI, interest, PITI); 2. General underwriting process (e.g., debt ratios, credit scoring and history); 3. Standard mortgage/deed of trust clauses and conditions; 4. Essential elements of a promissory note
    • B. Types of Loans: 1. Conventional loans; 2. Amortized loans, partially amortized (balloon) loans, interest-only loans; 3. Adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans; 4. Government Loans — a. FHA insured loans; b. VA guaranteed loans; c. USDA/Rural Development loan programs; 5. Owner financing (for example, installment or land contract/contract for deed); 6. Reverse-mortgage loans; 7. Home equity loans and lines of credit; 8. Construction loans; 9. Rehab loans; 10. Bridge loans
    • C. Financing and Lending: 1. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), including kickbacks; 2. Truth-in-Lending Act (Regulation Z), including advertising; 3. Requirements and time frames of TRID (TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures); 4. Equal Credit Opportunity Act; 5. Lending Process (application through loan closing); 6. Risky loan features, such as prepayment penalties and balloon payments
  • V. Contracts (Broker 19%) (19%)
    • A. General Contract Law: 1. General principles of contract law; 2. Elements necessary for a contract to be valid; 3. Effect of the Statute of Frauds; 4. Offer and a contract; 5. Enforceability of contracts; 6. Void, voidable and unenforceable contracts; 7. Bilateral and unilateral contracts; 8. Nature and use of option agreements; 9. Notice, delivery, acceptance and execution of contracts; 10. Appropriate use, risks, and advantages of electronic signatures and paperless transactions; 11. Rights and obligations of the parties to a contract; 12. Possible remedies for breach or non-performance of contract; 13. Termination, rescission and cancellation of contracts
    • B. Purchase and Lease Contracts: 1. Addenda and amendments to contracts; 2. Purchase agreements; 3. Contract contingencies and methods for satisfying them; 4. Leases and rental agreements; 5. Lease-purchase agreements; 6. Types of leases
    • C. Proper handling of multiple offers and counteroffers
  • VI. Agency (Broker 13%) (13%)
    • A. Agency and non-agency relationships: 1. Agency relationships and how they are established; 2. Types of listing contracts; 3. Buyer brokerage/tenant representation contracts; 4. Other brokerage relationships, including transaction brokers and facilitators; 5. Powers of attorney and other assignments of authority; 6. Conditions for termination of agency or brokerage service agreements
    • B. Agent Duties: 1. Fiduciary duties of agents; 2. Agent's duties to customers/non-clients, including honesty and good faith
    • C. Agency Disclosures: 1. Disclosure of agency/representation; 2. Disclosure of possible conflict of interest or self-interest
  • VII. Property Disclosures (Broker 7%) (7%)
    • A. Property Condition: 1. Seller's property condition disclosure requirements; 2. Property conditions that may warrant inspections or a survey; 3. Red flags that warrant investigation of public or private land use controls
    • B. Environmental and Government Disclosures: 1. Environmental issues requiring disclosure; 2. Federal, state, or local disclosure requirements regarding the property
    • C. Disclosure of material facts and material defects
  • VIII. Property Management (Broker 5%) (5%)
    • A. Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Procurement and qualification of prospective tenants; 2. Fair housing and ADA compliance specific to property management; 3. How to complete a market analysis to identify factors in setting rents or lease rates; 4. Property manager responsibility for maintenance, improvements, reporting and risk management (BROKER ONLY); 5. Handling landlord and tenant funds; trust accounts, reports and disbursements (BROKER ONLY); 6. Provisions of property management contracts (BROKER ONLY)
    • B. Landlord and tenant rights and obligations
  • IX. Transfer of Title (Broker 6%) (6%)
    • A. Types of deeds
    • B. Title Insurance and Searches: 1. Title insurance policies and title searches; 2. Potential title problems and resolutions; 3. Marketable and insurable title
    • C. Closing Process: 1. When transfer of ownership becomes effective; 2. Process and importance of recordation; 3. Settlement procedures (closing) and parties involved; 4. Home and new construction warranties
    • D. Special Processes: 1. Special issues in transferring foreclosed properties; 2. Special issues in short sale transactions; 3. Special issues in probate transactions
  • X. Practice of Real Estate (Broker 12%) (12%)
    • A. Antidiscrimination: 1. Federal Fair Housing Act general principles and exemptions; 2. Protected classes under Federal Fair Housing Act; 3. Protections against discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation; 4. Prohibited conduct under Federal Fair Housing Act (Redlining, Blockbusting, Steering, Disparate Treatment); 5. Fair housing advertising rules; 6. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) obligations pertaining to accessibility and reasonable accommodations
    • B. Legislation and Regulations: 1. Licensees’ status as employees or independent contractors; 2. Antitrust laws and types of violations, fines and penalties; 3. Do-Not-Call List rule compliance; 4. Proper use of Social Media and Internet communication and advertising
    • C. Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Protection of confidential personal information (written, verbal or electronic); 2. Duties when handling funds of others in transactions; 3. Licensee responsibility for due diligence in real estate transactions
    • D. Supervisory Responsibilities (BROKER ONLY): 1. Broker's supervisory responsibilities (licensees, teams and unlicensed assistants and employees) (BROKER ONLY); 2. Broker relationship with licensees (employees or independent contractors and governing rules) (BROKER ONLY)
  • XI. Real Estate Calculations (Broker 6%) (6%)
    • A. Calculations for Transactions: 1. Seller’s net proceeds; 2. Buyer funds needed at closing; 3. Real property tax and other prorations; 4. Real property transfer fees; 5. PITI (Principal, Interest, Taxes and Insurance) payments estimate given loan rate and term
    • B. General Concepts: 1. Equity; 2. Rate of return/Capitalization rate; 3. Loan-to-Value ratio; 4. Discount points and loan origination fees
Examination sources

Virginia State Real Estate Laws and Real Estate Board Rules — Broker State Portion

Examination outline
  • Licensing [Broker-13 items]
    • Qualifications/Requirements — Broker’s Supervisory Requirements
    • Qualifications/Requirements — Disciplinary Procedures and Sanctions — Improper Dealings
    • Qualifications/Requirements — Disciplinary Procedures and Sanctions — Improper Brokerage (incl commission arrangements)
    • Inspection of Records and Audits — Record keeping requirements
    • License types and activities requiring license
    • License Maintenance — Post-license education
    • License Maintenance — Continuing education
    • License Maintenance — License transfer
    • License Maintenance — Informing Board of changes
  • Escrow Accounts [Broker-7 items]
  • Disclosure Requirements [Broker-7 items]
    • Property Disclosure (incl Chesapeake Bay Act)
    • Aircraft Noise/Crash Disclosure
    • Septic Disclosure
    • Megan’s Law
    • Stigmatized Properties
    • HOA/POA disclosures (timing for review/cancellation: what constitutes delivery)
    • Advertising Rules
  • Agency Definitions and Relationships [Broker-12 items]
    • Broker-Salesperson Relationships and Compensation
    • Limited Service
    • Disclosure of Agency
    • Agency duties — Document handling (delivery, leave copies)
    • Agency duties — Standard agent duties
    • Agency duties — Duties to client vs. customer
    • Agency duties — Misrepresentation, omissions
    • Agency duties — Brokerage agreements
    • Designated and Dual Agency
    • Unrepresented parties
  • Virginia Fair Housing Law and Regulations [Broker-6 items]
  • Specific Acts Pertaining to Real Estate Practice [Broker-5 items]
    • Virginia Condominium Act and Regulations (CC&Rs, definitions, unit-owner restrictions)
    • Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act
    • Virginia Common Interest Communities Act (Broker only)
    • Virginia Underground Utility Damage Prevention Act
    • Virginia Property Owner’s Association Act
Examination sources